Role of the Indian women down the ages
(Owing to
the limits of this write up, this article is a only a mere glance over the
factual development of Indian woman down the centuries)
The Bhaaratiya nari has always held a special place in the
Indian society. She bears an exceptionally unique influence on the ethos,
culture, family system and health of the society. In India, woman is the
nucleus of the society, the grace of human civilization and the support system
to all that is beautiful and noble. Infact European scholars themselves observe
that that in the 19th century the hindu women were naturally chaste
and more virtuous than other women of the world.
Woman’s contributions to the society and life vary as per her
roles and responsibilities. She is seen as the biggest contributor to the
family system as a mother, wife, sister and daughter. Apart from this, she has
also been the pillar of many knowledge domains and social, religious, cultural
and economic activities.
Education
In ancient times, there were universities Gurukulas wherein
theoretical and practical education was given to boys and girls. There are
examples of rishikas (women seers) in
vedic lore who were not only vedic scholars but great poetesses, seers and
composers of hymns. Upanayanam (investiture
ceremony) was the beginning of formal education in the Indian tradition. The
popular saying- Pura kalpe tu naareenaam
mounji bandhanamuchyate---proves that women of the old vedic age underwent upanayanam and therefore had the rights
to education. But there were norms for their education. For eg- The Guru needed
to be elder in age or else a close relative like father uncle or husband. Women
like Gargi Vachaknavi and Maitreyi were great brahmavadinis, well versed in vedic lore. Arundhati is also
mentioned as an ‘achaaryaa’ (chancellor of an independent gurukula). Some of
them Like Gargi Vachaknavi, Maitreyi, Sulabha and Vagambhrimi were even
brahmavadinis who committed themselves to vedic study and practices.
In the medieval times
and pre-independence era too there have been many wise and knowledgeable women. The great scholar Ubhayabharati, the
wife of Mandana Mishra, (who later on became the disciple of Adi Sankaracharya),
was chosen as the judge to their masterly vakyaartha-vaada(scriptural
debate). Leelavathi the daughter of Bhaskaracharya was acclaimed as a great
mathematician. Shukavani and Ramabhadramba were great poetesses of Tamil nadu.
Vijjika, and Tirumalamba who belonged to the Vijayanagar dynasty, have greatly enriched
the sanskrt classic literature through their poetic works. Vikatanitambaa, a
great sanskrt scholar of her times is said to have had a comparatively dull
husband. Even the celebrated monk Swami Vivekananda (19th century) had
met some women of the royal clan of Trivandrum and was impressed by their
fluency in sanskrt and shastric knowledge.
Even after the invasions, when the gurukula system for girls particularly fastly declined, many women,
though deprived of formal education, managed to learn within the limits of
their homes. Education in ancient India was kinesthetic and practical in its
outlook. Men and women of every clan unconditionally learnt and practiced the
occupations of their clans. In this sense every citizen was educated. But
considering the theory oriented examination pattern education system of modern
India, which is merely about a century old, the modern critics tend to blindly
label all the ancient citizens except the brahminical and military classes as
uneducated. This is not only illogical but even an insult. Men and women of
every clan who contributed to their family occupation and developed skills of
their respective occupations were indeed educated. Infact, it is the modern
western imitation of theory oriented system that has been killing the skills
and kinesthetic education system of India.
In this sense, even the so called uneducated women of India were and are
nevertheless skilled and resourceful.
In the present day
women have equal rights to education, jobs and property. To discriminate
any one is indeed a punishable crime. Today, the society triumphs with women
intellectuals, scientists, writers, poetesses, teachers, research scholars, working
women and many many more.
Dress- There was certainly no purdah
system in ancient times. Infact it is said that during the vedic society
and even in the later Chalukyan times, women and men dressed in the same style
(one cloth on upper body, one cloth on lower body) Infact dress style in Indian
was based on the region, geography and occupation. Purdah system started only after the Islamic invasion. That is why
it is popular only in northern parts of India which were the most victimized
during invasions. The north west- Rajasthan in particular practice more of
child marriage, sati and purdah
system because that was mostly the pathway to Indian for many Islamic invaders.
Today the Indian woman exercises the freedom to blend the
Indian western modern and traditional dress in her wardrobe. Dress in these
days is getting more general, losing its regional flavor.
Political sphere
The puranas, epics
and kavyas and many ancient and medieval
historical accounts and local folk tales refer to women rulers, warriors, and provincial governesses. Perhaps India
can boast of having had the largest number of women rulers and warriors since
the oldest times. In the ancient western civilizations, women were merely the
fairer sex with no or meager representation in the male dominated social
activities and political activities till the dawn of renaissance. But in India,
every egion has had famous women who have had noteworthy social participation.
In the Mahabharatam,
we see Chitrangada the princess of the kingdom of Manipura, whom Arjuna loved
and married, was an expert in warfare. The historical kavya Rajatarangini mentions that Sri Krishna,
on slaying Damodara, the king of Kashmir in a war, did not annex the kingdom
but instead installed the pregnant queen on the throne. Raghuvamsam of Kalidasa also mentions that the queen of king
Agnimitra was similarly crowned after his untimely death.
In the medieval times we find many women rulers and provincial
governors. They were common in many kingdoms like Mauryan, Hoysalan, Kerala,
Pandyan and many other kingdoms. Queen Shantala of the Hoysala dynasty was
extremely popular for her excellent statesmanship, talents, scholasticism,
versatility, nobility and cultural patronage. They are to this day adored a
greatest of martyrs. Women have worked in intelligence services and politics
from ages and have been excellent spies, messengers and ambassadors at all
times. Chanakya’s arthashastra
mentions about women spies at large. (arthashastra, gudachari-pranidhi, ) Shurpanaka, Ravana’s sister is seen
advising him in serious political ethics and issues in ramayanam.
The freedom struggle which was indeed fought against every
foreign invasion from the very beginning. But it got a more concrete and
holistic form after the 18th century. All through, women have
participated in the freedom fight with patriotic vigour all over India. Kittur
Chennamma, Abbakka, Jhansi Rani lakshmibai, Belavadi Mallamma, Obavva, Chand
bibi, Jijabai, Durgavati of Gond, Bhikaji Cama, Pritilata Waddedar,
Vijaylakshmi Pandit, Rajkumari Amrut kaur, Sucheta Krplani, Dugabai Deshmukh, Kasturba
Gandhi, Muthulakshmi Reddy, Sarojini Naidu and many many others were great
patriotic women who committed themselves and there dear ones for the cause of
the freedom fight. The mothers of martyrs like Bhagat singh, Savarkar, etc are
also noteworthy ones. The major part of the credit of sculpting some of the
greatest personalities like swami Vivekananda and Chatrapati Shivaji goes to
their mothers Bhuvaneshwaridevi and Jijabai. The rani of Jhansi regiment of
Subhash Chandra Bose’s Indian national army consisted of only women under the
captaincy of Captain Lakshmi Sahgal.
The freedom struggle
of the last stages led by Gandhiji also had many women in it. Infact there are
countless examples of women, even
form the poorer sections give up their ornaments and belongings to fund the
freedom movement. Many mothers, wives and sisters supported the men folk even
though it ended up in loss of lives. Post
independence era saw women achievers in all spheres. In modern India, women
have adorned very high offices like that of the president of India, prime
minister, Speaker of Loksabha and others. They have been leaders of leading
political parties.
In these days we are seeing many Indian women entreprueners
on the rise too. Women like Kalpana Chawla and Sunita Williams have even
ventured into the outerspace and boosted the Indian pride.
Economical contributions
From since the oldest times, the Indian woman’s contribution
to the economy has been notable. In
occupations like cattle rearing, dairy, farming and trade they have been
participating significantly. The Vedas mention ishukartryah (arrow making women) which implicates that women were
also participating in work in manufacturing sections from the oldest times.
There have been many women who were well versed in native and home medicines,
midwifery and dietary. Even to this day
we can see many of these living traditions. The fields of nursing, gyneacology,
native medicine systems are almost like extensions of the age old traditional
systems and even to this day women dominate in number in these domains. In the
Indian dairy industry even to this day it is the women that contribute most.
Women have particularly contributed
greatly from since the oldest times to the fields of native gymnastics (Dambaraata), textiles, tye and dye,
embroidery, knitting industries, pottery, food industries, flower making,
costumes making, perfumes making, doll making, basket weaving and many
others. The fact that the ancient smritis
mention how the occupations like dairy, cattle rearing, gymnastics, fine
arts etc .,which are primarily women based should ensure right proper economic
rights to them. (Yajnavalkya smriti,
vyavahaaraadhyaaya, slk- ) shows that women were active in all these
occupations since the oldest times.
In the list of chatusshashtikalas (64 knowledge forms),
women they have had direct or indirect
roles in many of them, in some
others they have participated at par with men while in yet some others they
have dominated the role of men. Many of these 64 knowledge forms still exist in
the form occupations and native or folk art forms. Apart from these, women have
also been mentioned in many other contexts as talented beauticians, excellent
messengers, magicians, recluses and others.
Even the courtesans,
since the vedic times, till the advent of foreign rule, enjoyed a high status in Indian society. They were not simply the
exploited sex workers that we see today, but rather greatly respected for their
knowledge, talents in fine arts and many of them enjoyed aristocratic status.
During the ancient and medieval times, their contribution to the literature,
fine arts as well as intelligence services has been noteworthy. But unfortunately when the after repeated
invasions and onslaughts, foreign rulers stopped patronizing the native arts,
the courtesans, who were primarily cultural contributors, were reduced to the
plight of mere sex workers. Courtesans who were once acclaimed as the makers
and promoters of the cultural riches of our land have disappeared. If some of
their progeny remain, most of them merely identify themselves with flesh trade
win their bread.
In the modern times, the Indian woman contributes monetarily to the family and society almost at par with
the men. Working women are common everywhere. Infact even prospective grooms
prefer them to dependent women. In the recent days even women entrepreuners are
growing in number. Some like Kiran Majumdar, Sudha Murthy, Indira Noyi and others
have even attained world wide popularity. There are countless woman entreprueners running small
industries and business successfully. The names of many Indian women achievers
have entered the guinness book of world records. The software and medical
fields has huge numbers of women in it. Even the police and defese forces have
many women in them. Kiran Bedi, Kalpana Chawla, Sunita wIlliams and others are
known as great women achievers in their respective domains.
The Indian woman whose rights and say were more in the
family’s internal matters only, has now more say in the external matters too. Women
have been the greatest savings agents
for the Indian family system. Their investments vary in form- cash, jewelry,
land, etc., Infact, if the Indian society at large(excluding the IT
employees) did not reel under the effect
of the world wide recession, it is primarily because of the family system and
savings, the credit of which goes mostly to women.
Women have triumphed in politics, Information and media,
education, entertainment, trade and commerce, Banking, and almost all other
domains at par with men.
Status and Rights
Women enjoyed equal participation
in all religious and social events during the vedic times. Infact the word
‘patni’ actually means one who
associates herself in the yajna with the Yajamana(performer
of yajna). She symbolizes her permission and participation by giving arghya (pouring a drop of water on his
right hand, when he conducts the religious or charitable acts. Infact there are
many religious havanas and activities
where the presence of the patni is mandatory. Sapatnika is the word used frequently that implicates that every
act of a householder is his joint venture with his wife. The medieval times saw
major shuffling of the social structures due to interference of repeated
foreign invasions. Thus the status and rights of women changed and even
considerably reduced.
The Islamic invaders
used to abduct women of their captive kingdoms. This discouraged the free movement of women in the society. The worst
consequences of this was deprival of education for women and child marriages.
This made them less competent and more dependant on their male counterparts.
Illiteracy, ignorance, innocence and insecurity began to prevail upon them and
this in turn reaped many more ill effects in course of time. They were treated
more or less like secondary citizens
with less legal rights or participation in the society. However in the royal
clans and some communities their education and rights continued. That is how
great women literates, poetesses, queens and achievers were seen even during
this black period. But the women folk of middle classes and countryside who
could not avail costly security facilities like the royal women suffered the
most. It is after this time that we see a fast downfall of women rights and
education. Generations of women suffered this subjugation. This period has begun
to end since about a century and now women are raising back to their original
status in the Indian society. This shows the adaptability and potential of the
Indian society at large and the Indian woman in particular. However, the
deprivation of education in gurukulas did not render them useless. Women of
almost all communities were adept in their family occupations and supported
their menfolk. As we have seen they have even had the higher hand many
occupations like gymnastics, cattle rearing, fine arts, and many others.
Paativratya (devotion to husband) was again a system based on
loyalty and healthy association with the husband. As projected in course of
time, it was not an imposition on women to submit to any and every injustice
done to them. Infact women could question, advocate and lead their husbands in
many cases as seen in the examples of ancient women.
A remarkable feature of the Indian family system from ages
upto this day is that the mother has always been given the highest place. Matru
devo bhava proclaim the Vedas only after which in succession the pita (father), acharya(mentor) and atithi
are hailed. Although the mother is usually obedient and secondary to the father
in financial and some external matters, her role within the household was and
still is usually very strong. Marriage, festivities, food, property
distribution, discipline, family events and most other internal issues are
absolutely under her control. In the south Indian traditional Indian family,
men do not even go for marriage negotiations without the women folk. It would
appear awkward and questionable if they did so! It was so in North India for
many ages, till the cruel purdah system came into force in the aftermath of the
terrorizing Islamic invasions.
Women have had completely control over streedhana, the movable and immovable property that
they inherit from their parents and other gifts and earnings of their own. They
can gift, donate or use it as they please. A man who eyes the women’s
possessions is looked down as a lowly person. Even Chanakya in his arthashastra asserts women’s rights on streedhana.
In Kerala, coastal Karnataka and many other smaller kingdoms,
since very ancient times the matriarchal system (i.e. the daughters used to
inherit the responsibility and property from their mothers) was in vogue. In
the Chalukyan kingdom, the society was known to be matriarchal. To this day
many communities of Kerala, Karnataka and some others follow this in their
families. The women folk of Hrashavardhana’s harem were active participants in
political scenario of the day.
During the medieval times, many reformatory movements came up to protect the rights if women.
Gurunanak advocated that women must be allowed to perform the congregational
hymn singing task in public religious meets. Jainism and Buddhism openly
encouraged women to take up asceticism. The veerashaiva movement advocated
equality to women in all domains of life. Swami Vivekananda fiercely voiced out
against discrimination against women. It was he who was instrumental in making
Sister Nivedita start a successful girl’s school in Kokata which runs in full
swing to this day. Rajaram mohan Roy worked for women empowerment all his life.
Today law has given equal
rights to the daughters over their parental property. Women can claim at
least 50% of their husband’s property if divorced. Pensions schemes and many
other facilities have been given to women. They can seek justice against
domestic violence and claim compensations and even punish their offenders. Many
women rights protect their interests monetarily, morally and legally. Rights to
education, employment, monetary gains, voting and politics (women have 33% of
reservation in political power sharing) have empowered the Indian women to
great extents.
We also have many popular
sportswomen who have represented Indian in the international events like
Olympics, Asiad and others and made us proud. Women like Malleshwari, P T Usha,
Shiny Abraham, Saina Mirza, Ashwini Nachappa and many others have bought
laurels to the country. There are today many independent women hockey, cricket,
football, baseball, throw ball, volleyball, koko, kabadi and other sports teams
apat form many noteworthy women wrestlers, boxers, weight lifters, and coaches.
Marraige
Contrary to the belief that all the ancient women never had a
choice in choosing their groom or voicing out their opinions and seeking
justice, there are countless examples of popular and eminent learned scholarly
women, princesses and aristocrats who posed daring challenges before their
prospective grooms. Heroic young men had to perform daring feats to please them
and win their hands. There are vedic
references to the samanas (vedic
large religious fairs), young maiden could walk about and choose a groom of
their choice in public and express their choice to their parents.
Not only that, in the vedic society, women could chose
between being spinsters and living as householders. Women who chose to commit
themselves to study or other pursuits and prefer to be free of family ties were
called brahmavadinis and those who
entered marital ties were called sadyodvaahas.
Some brahmavadinis like Maitreyi even had the freedom to marry
on conditions of life time celibacy!
Polygamy was common in ancient and medieval and even pre
independent India. But there are stray examples of Polyandry (having more than
one husband) too. Draupadi is the most populary known one. The Islamic rulers
had large number of women in their Zenanas and their conditions were pathetic.
Although they were pampered with silks and ornaments the y were treated like
sex workers and always lived under the threat of being thrown out or sold
anytime. They lived like prisoners within the walls of the zenana.
The Svayamvara
paddhati wherein the bride had complete freedom in choosing her groom was
very much rampant in India since ages. There are countless references to
swayamvaras in ancient medieval literature and modern history. Damayanti, Seeta,
Draupadi, Bhadraa, Lakshana iof puranic fame and many others chose their grooms
in swayamvaras. We see how princess Draupadi openly refused to even allow Karna
to try his luck in her swayamvara although he was a king! Princess Samyukta
eloped with king Prithvi raj Chauhan in her swayamvara much against her
father’s wishes.
Even the concept of love
marriage was not unseen in the ancient society. It was considered as Gandharva vivaha(one of the eight
recognized forms of marriage). Many examples like that of Shakuntala, Subhadra,
Rukmini, Pramadvara and others reflect that there were women who dared to chose
their spouses and yet get accepted in the society.
Some smritis prescribe even remarriage and niyoga paddhati
(wherein a childless women, with the permission of elders of the family,
can have children through legal intercourse) But perhaps this sytem gave way to
many unethical developments, it gradually ceased to exist.
In the present day women have begun to have a big say in
their marriage. Although Indian marriage even to day is a big family affair,
the rights of accepting or declining a marriage proposal are as much in the
hands of the brides as it is with the grooms. Women even go for love marriages,
intercaste marriages or even remarriages with not lesser social inhibitions. Infact
even live-in relationships and extra marital affairs are getting rampant
unfortunately. Marraige laws protect the interests of women against domestic
violence and give them property rights.
However there are still many women amongst ignorant masses
who are unaware of their rights and they thus suffer exploitation. The
government, media and volunteers are promoting awareness though a number of
projects for such women.
Widowhood
They did not seem to be grave widowhood woes in very ancient
times, because many women like Kunti, Vidula, Kausalya, Sumitra, Kaikeyi,
Shurpanaka, Tara, Ruma and others are never projected as widows who were
subjected to cruel discrimination. On the contrary they have had great
influence on all their family matters. Sahagamana
(dying on the husband’s funeral pyre) was prevelant but only a voluntary and
optional. The story of Damayanti wherein she announces that she was ‘having a
second swayamvara after her husband Nala had gone missing for long and king
Rtuparna rushes in excitement to try his luck’ implicates that even remarriage
was not very unusual in those times.
The cruel practices of discrimination of widows, imposing
sanction on their dress, activities, food and rights was certainly a later
development which can again be traced back to the post invasions period.
In the present days, modernization and awareness has relaxed
many of the constraints that were imposed onto widows. The government
employees’ widows get their husband’s job or pension. Widows out of necessity
or ambition take up jobs and enjoy economic rights. Although the social
discrimination at social events still remains in some minds, such practices are
fast declining. Infact the sanctions on their dress and diet are also gradually
disappearing.
Saints and recluses
In The sanatana dharma, God can be worshipped in any form. In
fact the mother goddess in her many spectacular forms has been the chosen deity
of innumerable devotees at all times. The Shakta doctrines even place the devi
form above all other God heads. The range of Devi forms form the gentle Gouri
upto the fierce kali suggest that the potentials in a woman can manifest in all
ways depending on the situation she faces.
There have been great women
seers in Indian at all times. The vedic lore mentions about 27 rishikas (women seers) who were
visionaries and many of them composed hymns. The most popular names among them
are Gargi vachaknavi, Maitreyi, Sulabha, Vagambhrini, Lopamudra to name a few.
Women like Lopamudra and Urvashi are mentioned in samvada suktas(dialogue) wherein they question and place demands
before their husbands. Infact in the pithikaa
of Lalitaa-trishati, it is even mentioned
that Lopamudra, the consort of the greatest of sages, Agastya, was greater than
him in spiritual attainments! Many women like Swayamprabha, Shabari,
Satyavathi, the daughter of sage Kushanabha, Vedavathi and others are saintly
women mentioned in Ramayanam. Swayamprabha
is said to have possessed yogic powers through which she could perform amazing
miracles and astound the monkey warriors. Mahabharatam
also mentions about women ascetics like Sulabha who could even paralyze for
a while the personality of king Janaka through her yogic powers! Yet many more
women ascetics, tapasvinis are
mentioned in the great epic.
In the classical
literature of sanskrt as well as all other Indian vernaculars mentionis made of
many women ascetics, Buddhist bhikshunis,
Women like Maa Sharadadevi, Maa Anandamayi of Bengal,
Tarigonda Venkamma of Andhra Pradesh and Lalleshwari of Kashmir relived the
glorious lives of the Rishikas(women
seers) of the vedic age. Akka mahadevi, Meerabai, Andal and other women saints enriched
the literature through their compositions. There were brave sanyasinis like
Durga maa, Gauri Maa and others in Bengal in the later half of the 19th
century. Jana Bai, Sakku Bai and countless others all over India have left
glorious memories of their spiritual attainments.
In the realm of religion and spirituality, women have
extremely active part even to this day. There are many women sanyasinis and
spiritual leaders to this day who command huge popularity even world wide. Mata
Amrutanandamayi, Vijayeshwari mata, Nirmaladevi and some others others command
worldwide fame as spiritual leaders.
Fine arts
In the sanatana dharma, the abimaanidevata of all fine arts is itself Goddess sarasvathi. She
is shown as holding the Veena symbolizing fine arts, veda symbolizing all
knowledge forms, an akshamaala symbolizing all spiritual wisdom and mounting a
oyal swan symbolizing purity and dynamism in life. Perhaps in no other faith
can we see such a honour bestowed upon a female form.
Indian women have most active in the world of fine arts like
dance, drama and music. No Indian festival is complete without the colourful
activities of women. From since the vedic times, women have been the greatest
promoters of all fine ats and cukture. The samanas, satras and utsavas
mentioned in Vedas, puranas and kavyas and other literature have spectacular
descriptions of well dressed women participating jubilantly in cultural
activities like singing, dancing, drama, throwing colours (okali in kannada), exchanging tambulas
and gifts and moving around with grace and enthuse. The festive ambience is
mostly expressed through the colourful costumes and jingling twinkling
ornaments of women more than anything. Infact it would not be an exaggeration
to say that the descriptions of women even eclipse that of men in the festive contexts
in particular!
Valmiki’s Ramayanam mentions how there were many vadhunatakamandalis
(women drama troupes) in Ayodhya. Mahabharatam narrates how Arjuna learnt a
special dance form from the celebrated nymph Urvashi and later taught it to
princess Uttara. Kavyas mantions many women artists like Vasavadatta,
Mahashweta, Malyavati, Malavika, and many more. There are many occasions like
competitions, fairs, festivals, and others where women showcased their talent
in the public. Natis, nartakis, gaayakis and kalakovidaas are profusely
mentioned all over the literature as well as inscriptions.
Greatest contributors
to fine arts were courtesans. Their participation in celebrations were
noteworthy. Every utsava, rathotsava and marriage began with their
dance. Most of the fine art traditions were preserved by these courtesans.
Infact Vatsyayana mentions that huge celebrations were hosted in public galleries
or the affluent houses of courtesans. They used to entertain people with wit
and bouddhika kreedas (brainy games)
alongside extending good hospitality to all the spectators. But there were
male dominant art forms like Yakshagana, kathakali and martial arts where women
had less or no participation too.
Wake up, O Bharatiya
Naari!
However many issues like child
marriage, dowry, domestic violence, discrimination, sexual abuse, human
trafficking, femal foeticide, education
deprival, lack of awareness of human rights, and others still cloud the Indian
society to this day. Rural areas face these the most while it is not unseen in
the urban areas too. The male chauvinism still exist at all levels wherein the
women is expected to always be the obedient irrespective of whether it is just or
not. If she voices out her opinions, she is termed as the ‘dominant, misled,
modernized rebellious woman’. However noble hearts all over the globe are
standing up to seek equality and justice for women not only in social life but
also in family matters.
The need of the hour is to
educate, empower and motivate the Indian woman to not only fight for her justice
and rights but also grow up imbibing all the best virtues of woman hood,
culture and heritage. Swami Vivekananda observes that more than anything else,
it is the chaste, strong, virtuous and enterprising nature of the Indian woman
that has built such a strong family system and social ethics ion our nation.
That is how the nation has withstood the cruel foreign onslaughts of centuries
and still retained many of its vibrant social cultural and ethical values.
The bharatiya naari needs to be
the personification of all that is noble and best from the past, and live up to
the needs and changes of the present and surge on into the future. She is the
power behind all his children and fellowmen who needs to inspire and lead the
society towards success and glory.
Dr Arathi V B
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